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1 compensated change in the price
компенсированное изменение цены
Изменение цены определенного товара, при котором доход компенсируется таким образом, чтобы общая полезность для потребителей оставалась неизменной. Например, если при повышении цены на данный товар потребители стали переключать спрос на другие, которые сравнительно с ним подешевели, или если при этом каким-либо образом повышены доходы потребителей (например, «хлебная надбавка» первых послевоенных лет), то мы имеем дело с компенсированным повышением цены. См. Слуцкого уравнения.
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Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > compensated change in the price
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2 Harrison, John
[br]b. 24 March 1693 Foulby, Yorkshire, Englandd. 24 March 1776 London, England[br]English horologist who constructed the first timekeeper of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea and invented the gridiron pendulum for temperature compensation.[br]John Harrison was the son of a carpenter and was brought up to that trade. He was largely self-taught and learned mechanics from a copy of Nicholas Saunderson's lectures that had been lent to him. With the assistance of his younger brother, James, he built a series of unconventional clocks, mainly of wood. He was always concerned to reduce friction, without using oil, and this influenced the design of his "grasshopper" escapement. He also invented the "gridiron" compensation pendulum, which depended on the differential expansion of brass and steel. The excellent performance of his regulator clocks, which incorporated these devices, convinced him that they could also be used in a sea dock to compete for the longitude prize. In 1714 the Government had offered a prize of £20,000 for a method of determining longitude at sea to within half a degree after a voyage to the West Indies. In theory the longitude could be found by carrying an accurate timepiece that would indicate the time at a known longitude, but the requirements of the Act were very exacting. The timepiece would have to have a cumulative error of no more than two minutes after a voyage lasting six weeks.In 1730 Harrison went to London with his proposal for a sea clock, supported by examples of his grasshopper escapement and his gridiron pendulum. His proposal received sufficient encouragement and financial support, from George Graham and others, to enable him to return to Barrow and construct his first sea clock, which he completed five years later. This was a large and complicated machine that was made out of brass but retained the wooden wheelwork and the grasshopper escapement of the regulator clocks. The two balances were interlinked to counteract the rolling of the vessel and were controlled by helical springs operating in tension. It was the first timepiece with a balance to have temperature compensation. The effect of temperature change on the timekeeping of a balance is more pronounced than it is for a pendulum, as two effects are involved: the change in the size of the balance; and the change in the elasticity of the balance spring. Harrison compensated for both effects by using a gridiron arrangement to alter the tension in the springs. This timekeeper performed creditably when it was tested on a voyage to Lisbon, and the Board of Longitude agreed to finance improved models. Harrison's second timekeeper dispensed with the use of wood and had the added refinement of a remontoire, but even before it was tested he had embarked on a third machine. The balance of this machine was controlled by a spiral spring whose effective length was altered by a bimetallic strip to compensate for changes in temperature. In 1753 Harrison commissioned a London watchmaker, John Jefferys, to make a watch for his own personal use, with a similar form of temperature compensation and a modified verge escapement that was intended to compensate for the lack of isochronism of the balance spring. The time-keeping of this watch was surprisingly good and Harrison proceeded to build a larger and more sophisticated version, with a remontoire. This timekeeper was completed in 1759 and its performance was so remarkable that Harrison decided to enter it for the longitude prize in place of his third machine. It was tested on two voyages to the West Indies and on both occasions it met the requirements of the Act, but the Board of Longitude withheld half the prize money until they had proof that the timekeeper could be duplicated. Copies were made by Harrison and by Larcum Kendall, but the Board still continued to prevaricate and Harrison received the full amount of the prize in 1773 only after George III had intervened on his behalf.Although Harrison had shown that it was possible to construct a timepiece of sufficient accuracy to determine longitude at sea, his solution was too complex and costly to be produced in quantity. It had, for example, taken Larcum Kendall two years to produce his copy of Harrison's fourth timekeeper, but Harrison had overcome the psychological barrier and opened the door for others to produce chronometers in quantity at an affordable price. This was achieved before the end of the century by Arnold and Earnshaw, but they used an entirely different design that owed more to Le Roy than it did to Harrison and which only retained Harrison's maintaining power.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society Copley Medal 1749.Bibliography1767, The Principles of Mr Harrison's Time-keeper, with Plates of the Same, London. 1767, Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately Published by the Rev. Mr Maskelyne Under theAuthority of the Board of Longitude, London.1775, A Description Concerning Such Mechanisms as Will Afford a Nice or True Mensuration of Time, London.Further ReadingR.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press.—1978, John Harrison and His Timekeepers, 4th edn, London: National Maritime Museum.H.Quill, 1966, John Harrison, the Man who Found Longitude, London. A.G.Randall, 1989, "The technology of John Harrison's portable timekeepers", Antiquarian Horology 18:145–60, 261–77.J.Betts, 1993, John Harrison London (a good short account of Harrison's work). S.Smiles, 1905, Men of Invention and Industry; London: John Murray, Chapter III. Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. IX, pp. 35–6.DV -
3 demand
ек., марк. попитзабезпечене грошима бажання споживачів придбати товари і отримати послуги═════════■═════════active demand жвавий попит; actual demand фактичний попит; aggregate demand сукупний попит • загальний обсяг попиту на товари і послуги на даному ринку; anticipated demand сподіваний попит; competitive demand конкурентний попит; complementary demand попит на взаємодоповнювальні товари і послуги; considerable demand значний попит; consumer demand попит споживачів • споживчий попит; current demand поточний попит; declining demand попит, який зменшується; decreasing demand попит, який зменшується; deferred demand відкладений попит; derived demand похідний попит • вторинний попит; diminishing demand попит, який зменшується; domestic demand внутрішній попит; effective demand платоспроможний попит • ефективний попит; effective consumer demand платоспроможний попит; elastic demand еластичний попит; end-product demand попит на кінцевий продукт; excess demand; expected demand передбачуваний попит; export demand попит на експорт; external demand зовнішній попит; falling demand попит, який падає; final demand остаточний попит; fixed demand стійкий попит; foreign credit demand попит на закордонні кредити; fluctuating demand попит, який коливається; immediate demand терміновий попит; import demand попит на імпорт; increased demand збільшений попит; increasing demand зростаючий попит; independent demand незалежний попит; individual demand індивідуальний попит; inelastic demand нееластичний попит; investment demand інвестиційний попит; joint demand загальний попит; limited demand обмежений попит; local demand місцевий попит; market demand ринковий попит; maximum demand максимальний попит; minimum demand мінімальний попит; overall demand загальний попит; peak demand піковий попит; potential demand потенційний попит; price-dependent demand попит, який залежить від цін; product demand попит на продукцію; prospective demand майбутній попит; rival demand конкурентний попит; sagging demand зменшений попит; seasonal demand сезонний попит; solvent demand платоспроможний попит; stable demand стійкий попит; world market demand кон'юнктура попиту на світовому ринку; unit-elastic demand попит з одиничною еластичністю═════════□═════════change in demand зміна попиту; change in input demand зміна попиту на ресурс; coefficient of demand elasticity коефіцієнт еластичності попиту; compensated demand curve крива компенсованого попиту; compensated demand function функція компенсованого попиту; conditional factor demand умовний попит на фактор; cross elasticity of demand; decrease in demand зменшення попиту; demand and supply попит і пропозиція; demand coefficients коефіцієнти попиту; demand constraints обмеження на попит; demand curve крива попиту; demand factor фактор попиту; demand function функція попиту; demand management регулювання попиту; demand pull інтенсивність попиту; demand-pull inflation інфляція, викликана високим попитом • інфляція, спричинена перевищенням попиту над пропозицією; demand-shift inflation інфляція, викликана зміною попиту; demand schedule таблиця попиту; demand theory теорія попиту; derived factor demand вторинний попит на фактори • похідний попит на фактори • ресурси, залучені до процесу виробництва; elasticity of demand; equilibrium of demand and supply рівновага попиту і пропозиції; increase in demand зростання попиту; individual demand curve крива індивідуального попиту; industry demand for an input галузевий попит на ресурс; input demand curve крива попиту на ресурс; inverse demand function обернена функція попиту; kinked demand curve ламана крива попиту; law of demand закон попиту; market demand curve крива ринкового попиту; market demand for an input ринковий попит на ресурс; nonprice determinants of demand нецінові фактори попиту; residual demand curve крива залишкового попиту; short-run derived demand curve крива короткострокового похідного попиту • крива короткострокового вторинного попиту; to be in demand мати попит; to depress demand стримувати/стримати попит; to exceed the demand перевищувати/перевищити попит; to fill a demand задовольняти/задовольнити попит; to forecast demand прогнозувати попит; to meet the demand задовольняти/задовольнити попит; to satisfy demand задовольняти/задовольнити попит; to supply the demand задовольняти/ задовольнити попит
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